The Calhoun Effect: How Spiritual Death Is the Prelude to Biological Extinction

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    Once upon a time, society was governed by stable structures, gender roles, and well-defined hierarchies. And within these societies, people worked and struggled to pull their weight and do their part, with the men working outside the home and the women carrying out the housework inside the home.

    However, both of these timeless values, i.e., social structures and human struggle, are under attack by modern ideologies – like liberalism and feminism – and modern technologies, with the aim of tearing down what was and replacing it with a technocratic utopia, an envisioned Paradise on Earth, where mankind will be free from all hardships.

    What, however, lies at the end of this utopic path? Is it really the Paradise that has been promised to us, or is it something else, something catastrophic? Well, as it turns out, in the 1960s, an American ethologist by the name of John B. Calhoun carried out a series of experiments on rodents, and these experiments of his reveal the disastrous answer to this question.

    Spoiler alert: you end up with a society replete with freaks, ranging from aggressively gay to socially awkward incel rats.

    How Social Dissolution Leads to Chaos

    This began when Calhoun was working on the Rodent Ecology Project at John Hopkins University, which was testing a rat poison. During this project, Calhoun observed that the rats wouldn’t increase their population beyond a level far below what they expected. Intrigued, he decided to carry out a series of experiments to understand this mechanism.

    Calhoun was one of the first scientists to associate terms like ‘sociology’ with experiments where animal behavior was observed. This was of course initially met with backlash as such terms were usually reserved for humans, and anthropomorphising animal behavior in the field of science was seen as highly unorthodox.

    However, his experiments would later gain him widespread notoriety and sensationalism which would spill over from the scientific world into moral and philosophical studies. In part, this was due to the biblical language he utilized within his writings, including terms such as ‘second death’ and ‘tree of life.’

    But it was also due to the nature of what these experiments revealed about what happens when social structures dissolve and chaos ensues. At the time, people were concerned about the effect of the rapid moral decay that was taking place. What Calhoun observed in his experiments eerily maps onto what we’re witnessing in human societies today.

    Two of his works will be discussed here in this article. The first of these is called ‘Population Density and Social Pathology,’ in which he described his findings from observing what he called the ‘mouse universes,’ i.e., elaborately designed living spaces for a population of Norway rats to reside in, equipped with cells, connecting ramps, and ‘food hoppers.’

    In the experiment, there was an abundant supply of food and the risk of disease was minimized, creating a ‘rat utopia’ where death could only occur through senescence. It was expected that the rats would multiply to a population of 5000, but they never exceeded 150.

    The reason this happened was due to high infant mortality which arose as social structures dissolved.

    The consequences of the behavioral pathology we observed were most apparent among the females. Many were unable to carry pregnancy to full term or to survive delivery of their litters if they did. An even greater number, after successfully giving birth, fell short in their maternal functions. Among the males the behavior disturbances ranged from sexual deviation to cannibalism and from frenetic overactivity to a pathological withdrawal from which individuals would emerge to eat, drink and move about only when other members of the community were asleep.

    Behavioural Sink as Social Dissolution

    Calhoun uses the term ‘behavioral sink’ to describe the chain of causative events that led to the social collapse among these rats. This article provides a good description of the phenomenon:

    A behavioral sink refers to the collapse of normal social behaviors in animals, most famously observed in overcrowded environments where excessive population density leads to pathological actions such as aggression, withdrawal, disrupted parenting, and social breakdown. The term was coined by ethologist John B. Calhoun during his experiments with rats, where he found that when their living space became too crowded, the animals exhibited abnormal and destructive behaviors that ultimately undermined the stability of their community.

    What happened according to Calhoun was that, out of the four cells available, the middle two were the most accessible as they had two ramps leading to them, whereas the outer two cells were only accessible via one ramp.

    This resulted in the rats frequenting the middle two cells more often. This, in addition to the fact that the design of the food hoppers forced the rats to spend longer eating, meant that, more often than not, there would be multiple rats eating food at the same time. Over time, this led to the rats associating ‘togetherness’ with ‘food time’ and they would all gather to eat only in the company of other rats, which led to overcrowding.

    It was this overcrowding and dense environment that disrupted the normal social behaviors and social order of the rat population, and it was only after this disruption that the destructive and chaotic behaviors were introduced into the society that led to collapse.

    This is what Calhoun described as the ‘behavioral sink.’ One could look at the terminology used and the mind immediately equates it with ‘moral degradation’ in our human societies.

    Two types of ‘deviant’ rat types emerged, one of which was socially withdrawn:

    The first were completely passive and moved through the community like somnambulists. They ignored all the other rats of both sexes, and all the other rats ignored them. Even when the females were in estrus, these passive animals made no advances to them. And only very rarely did other males attack them or approach them for any kind of play. To the casual observer the passive animals would have appeared to be the healthiest and most attractive members of the community. They were fat and sleek, and their fur showed none of the breaks and bare spots left by the fighting in which males usually engage. But their social disorientation was nearly complete.

    Isn’t this similar to what we see in our modern times? People, especially those of this and upcoming generations, who have been brought up in technology-driven comfort and had far less need to struggle and socially interact, have consequently become socially awkward and withdrawn from society.

    The other group, known as ‘the probers,’ displayed the opposite extreme of behaviors:

    In addition to being hyperactive, the probers were both hypersexual and homosexual, and in time many of them became cannibalistic. They were always on alert for estrous females.

    That sexual deviance should arise as a result of the dissolution of social order shouldn’t be that surprising. After all, natural social structures include within them biologically rooted sexual roles between males and females, e.g., reproduction, mate-guardianship, etc.

    RELATED: Artificial Affection: Can AI Really Replace Human Companionship?

    How Social Dissolution Leads to Female Ineptitude

    A very interesting finding in the experiment was how, when social structures dissolve, females are more affected than males, and they become inept at carrying out their gender-specific roles.

    For example, in a normal population, the females would use small pieces of paper to craft cup-shaped nests for their litters. And whenever they sensed danger, they would carry all of their young, one by one, to a safe location, not becoming distracted throughout the whole process. Both of these acts would take time and effort.

    However, once behavioral sink or social dissolution took place, their attitudes changed drastically. Over time, the females went from making just barely adequate nests to abandoning the process entirely. As for protecting their litter, they would now drop some of their young halfway while carrying them to safety and then forget about them entirely. As a result, the infants would die, and other rats would cannibalize their corpses.

    The worst consequence was that they stopped reproducing, with later generations birthing only a tiny fraction of babies in comparison to the earlier ones. Both mating and reproduction approached a halt.

    Is some of this starting to sound familiar? Females becoming inept at carrying out their gender roles? Abandoning their young? Rejecting mating and reproduction? Birth rates plummeting?

    This is exactly what we’re seeing in the feminist world that we live in today. Wherever feminism has infected the minds of the people, especially women, we see society take a turn in a direction that eerily mimics what transpired within Calhoun’s mouse dystopia.

    Think of the female rats losing their ability to build cup-shaped nests over time. Isn’t this reminiscent of women in a feminist society losing their ability to cook and clean?

    Think about feminists dumping their kids in daycares and nurseries and abandoning them all day so they can pursue their ‘independent careers’ and be ‘their own bosses’? Isn’t that reminiscent of the female rats who discarded their young?

    The only difference is the catalyst that led to the social dissolution or behavioral sink. In the mouse universe, it was overcrowding, and, in our world, it’s destructive ideologies like feminism.

    The catalysts may be different, but the eventual outcome is the same: species extinction.

    RELATED: The Washing Machine to Artificial Womb Pipeline: Tech Makes Women Useless

    (Death)2

    His most famous work was on a later version of the mouse universe. This one was known as ‘Universe-25.’ Its findings were published in 1973, in his work called ‘Death Squared: The Explosive Growth and Demise of a Mouse Population.’ As in the previous experiment, Calhoun made sure to remove as many mortality factors as he could, using the biblical description of ‘Death riding a pale horse’ to explain what the main mortality factors that needed to be removed were:

    This takes us to the fourth horse of the Apocalypse (Rev. vi.7): ‘I saw … a pale horse, and its rider’s name was Death, and Hades followed him; and they were given power over a fourth of the earth, to kill with the sword and with famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts of the earth’ (italics mine). This second death has gradually become the predominant concern of modern medicine. And yet there is nothing in the earlier history of medicine, or in the precepts embodied in the Hippocratic Oath, that precludes medicine from being equally concerned with healing the spirit, and healing nations, as with healing the body.

    He suppressed ‘mortality factors’ from Universe-25 by providing an unlimited supply of food (removing ‘famine’), cleaning the system periodically (suppressing pestilence), and the closed nature of Universe-25 prevented emigration and predation, which he equated to mortality by the ‘sword’ and ‘wild beasts.’

    Thus, once again, death was only expected via senescence. He referred to ‘bodily death’ as ‘second death,’ and so, by suppressing mortality, it was seen as causing the death of the second death, hence the term ‘death squared’ or (death)2. In simple terms, the aim was to see what happens in a deathless society with endless resources and comfort.

    As is apparent, what Calhoun saw in the rat experiments was the same social disease that humans were suffering from – a spiritual decay that he understood was the prelude to biological death and eventual extinction. He also recognized that modern medicine’s failure to address the human spirit was problematic, seeing the spirit as the most essential tool to survival and evolution of a species. It seems as if he used ‘spirit’ and ‘the biological drive to reproduce and thrive’ interchangeably.

    I shall largely speak of mice, but my thoughts are on man, on healing, on life and its evolution. Threatening life and evolution are the two deaths, death of the spirit and death of the body. Evolution, in terms of ancient wisdom, is the acquisition of access to the tree of life.

    As expected, Universe-25 exhibited the same problems after an initial population explosion. Overcrowding and population density mechanically disrupted the rats, especially the female ones, from carrying out their daily duties. We’re talking about literal physical disruption due to there being too many rats in one place.

    And once the social order began to dissolve, the exact same issues arose and behavioral sink took place:

    As a result of these three processes (failure to develop early social bonding, mechanical interference with developing social behaviours and fragmentation of behaviours) maturation of the more complex social behaviours such as those involved in courtship, maternality and aggression failed.

    And once again, these were most apparent in the female segment of society:

    For females a clear example may be taken from a 2 cell universe studied in parallel with the 16 cell one detailed here. The members of this population were killed 300 days after the inflection point of the shift from Phase C to Phase D. Among these were 148 females born within the last 50 days before the end of Phase C. At autopsy at a median age of 334 days only 18% had ever conceived (i.e. no placental scars in the uteri of 82% of the females) and only 2% were pregnant (each of these 3 females had only one embryo as contrasted to the more normal 5 or more). By this age most females in a normal population would have had five or more litters, most of them successfully reared.

    Once reproduction dwindles to a point where the death rate outpaces the birth rates, total extinction is pretty much guaranteed unless the causative factors and behaviors are reversed.

    How Excessive Comfort Led to ‘The Beautiful Ones’

    The males were not exempt from this disorder, and they experienced social deviation as well. This time, Calhoun dubbed the socially withdrawn rats that emerged from the behavioral sink as ‘the beautiful ones,’ alluding to their clean and kempt appearance that was a result of zero social interaction or participation and zero struggle in life:

    Male counterparts to these non-reproducing females we soon dubbed the ‘beautiful ones’. They never engaged in sexual approaches toward females, and they never engaged in fighting, and so they had no wound or scar tissue. Thus their pelage remained in excellent condition. Their behavioural repertoire became largely confined to eating, drinking, sleeping and grooming, none of which carried any social implications beyond that represented by contiguity of bodies.

    If we modify the statement slightly, we essentially get an almost 1-to-1 copy of what is transpiring today among, unfortunately, large segments of the male community:

    “Their behavioral repertoire became largely confined to eating, drinking, sleeping, and grooming gaming, none of which carried any social implications beyond that represented by contiguity of bodies.”

    This is the sad reality of modern men. And modern technology is largely to blame for this.

    The extreme comfort and endless supply of resources that many young men experience today thanks to modern technology has made them psychologically averse to struggle. They would rather sit indoors all day and play video games, than go out and work. This is because, for a large part of their upbringing, they never felt the need to work or struggle. And, as we can see from Universe-25, that is very dangerous.

    Without the social pressure to struggle for survival, man automatically becomes lazy. Look at many of these first-world countries where cheap junk food is in abundant supply, the simplest diseases are dealt with using aggressive vaccinations, booster shots, and medications, and female companionship is replaced with pornography.

    Even his in-built need for developing his value via work, accumulating wealth, social networking, etc., is replaced with video games, an immersive experience where one ‘virtually levels up’ instead of levelling up in real life. He gets all the dopamine he needs from a false sense of achievement from a fictional virtual reality.

    And since the majority of one’s life takes place indoors, there is no conflict or competition that one engages in, and, as a result, one develops a strong aversion to any kind of conflict. This doesn’t just diminish a man’s willingness to compete, it erases it completely, such that he chooses to ignore societal interaction altogether.

    Calhoun described these rats, who only lived to keep themselves alive and groomed, as having died spiritually:

    Autistic-like creatures, capable only of the most simple behaviours compatible with physiological survival, emerge out of this process. Their spirit has died (‘the first death’). They are no longer capable of executing the more complex behaviours compatible with species survival. The species in such settings die.

    Since these rats were purposeless and didn’t even try to find purpose, they were ‘functionally dead’ and lacking a spirit. They were akin to walking zombies who appeared alive on the outside but were dead on the inside or, quite ironically, beautiful on the outside but ugly on the inside.

    RELATED: Call of Duty Players as Future Soldiers? How the US Military Controls Modern Gaming

    Universe-25’s Warning Against Artificial Intelligence

    Calhoun directly linked the lack of available social roles to the meaningless existence of the beautiful ones that caused their spiritual death and the eventual extinction of Universe-25:

    The results obtained in this study should be obtained when customary causes of mortality become markedly reduced in any species of mammal whose members form social groups. Reduction of bodily death (i.e. ‘the second death’) culminates in survival of an excessive number of individuals that have developed the potentiality for occupying the social roles characteristic of the species. Within a few generations all such roles in all physical space available to the species are filled. At this time, the continuing high survival of many individuals to sexual and behavioural maturity culminates in the presence of many young adults capable of involvement in appropriate species-specific activities. However, there are few opportunities for fulfilling these potentialities.

    This should be taken as a stern warning against AI, the technological tool that threatens to erase societal roles altogether and leave man without a purpose.

    People joke a lot about AI taking all our jobs, but it’s actually quite a frightening prospect to think about. Just imagine if all work in a society is carried out by AI, leaving humans, especially men, with zero need for struggle.

    1. Women will lose all attraction to men as they will have nothing to offer, since AI will be taking care of everyone’s survival.
    2. Men will also lose attraction towards women in favor of super-realistic AI fem-bots.

    This dissolution of male-female interaction will lead to the spiritual death of society, which will ultimately lead to its biological extinction.

    And even if AI kept us alive through the use of artificial wombs, so what? Without struggle, life is meaningless. And without meaning, one is spiritually dead on the inside, even if he seems healthy and comfortable on the outside.

    This is what we find at the end of Universe-25.

    A society of soulless zombies waiting to die of old age. That is the end-point of the technocratic utopia that the shayatin of this world have promised us.

    RELATED: Islam and the Rise of Artificial Intelligence

    Calhoun’s Misdiagnosis of the Solution to Universe-25

    It seems that, despite understanding the root cause of the chaos that led to the extinction of the mouse universes, Calhoun attempted to put forward solutions that would only make the situation far worse for humans when they came into effect.

    Calhoun advocated for the invention of a technology that would act as a ‘global brain,’ linking all human minds together or allowing them to work together on a solution to the Universe-25 problem. Many saw this as an anticipation of the internet, and if you really think about it, that is what the internet effectively is.

    It is a global network of computers that allows the thoughts and ideas of human beings to be gathered and exchanged, forming a kind of ‘global brain.’ And with how all that data is now being fed into AI monstrosities to form a single terrifying amalgamation of what might be called an algorithmic brain, the analogy is that much closer to reality.

    This solution was the last thing that Calhoun should have put forward in light of his environment. See, around him were all these rapid changes that society was experiencing, both on a technological and ideological level, and such changes were leading to a rapid moral deterioration and the breakdown of social structures and hierarchies.

    It’s visibly apparent throughout his writings that he understood that loss of social order is what eventually led to the spiritual death of the rats in Universe-25. However, instead of correctly mapping the problem onto the real world as all those things that cause social disorder, Calhoun and the media that shared his experiments simply obsessed about overpopulation!

    It’s like they saw only overpopulation as the cause of social dissolution and behavioral sink, whereas, in the real world, there were much bigger examples of things that were causing behavioral sink, i.e., ideologies like liberalism and feminism, the loss of religious and traditional values, and modern technologies.

    And so, Calhoun putting forward a global brain as the solution is extremely ironic. Just think of the level of social dissolution that something so transformatory could cause. In fact, the internet is something that did eventually come into existence, and the dire consequences are right in front of us.

    Look at how the internet and resulting social media has corrupted and atomised society, turning people into lonely isolated social rejects en masse, dissolving social bonds and communities. The global brain that Calhoun envisioned has been one of the most destructive technologies for social structure and cohesion.

    Japan as a Real Life Example of Universe-25

    If we look at our world today, there are many real-life examples of what transpired in Universe-25. However, one of the closest examples is Japan, which is experiencing an unprecedented plummet in birth rates, so low, in fact, that population numbers have actually started to decrease.

    Tokyo — 

     

    Japan’s precipitous population decline shows no sign of slowing, with the nation shrinking by more than 900,000 people last year – the biggest annual drop on record, according to government data.

     

    The data, released by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications on Wednesday, showed that the number of Japanese nationals fell by 908,574 in 2024, bringing the total population to 120 million.

    This is scary, to say the least. This isn’t genocide or a deadly plague that is wiping out large portions of the population. This is a direct result of the collapse and dissolution of social structures and hierarchies brought about by satanic ideologies and technology.

    Feminism is a huge reason why women in Japan don’t want to get married. The fear of serving a husband and taking care of household chores and children makes them opt instead for pursuing career paths, something that women have been brainwashed into thinking is important.

    As a result, Japanese men are finding fewer and fewer women that are suitable for marriage:

    A 2023 Cabinet Office survey reported that over 50% of single men in their 20s and 30s were not interested in romantic relationships. Among the top reasons? The financial burden of dating, fear of rejection and anxiety around modern gender dynamics.

     

    Independent women—especially those who are assertive about their goals or uninterested in traditional roles—don’t fit the mold of the “ideal Japanese girlfriend” often portrayed in media: soft-spoken, supportive and accommodating. That mismatch, while increasingly normalized in global cities like Tokyo, still challenges deeply embedded cultural scripts.

    We need to understand that Japanese society was historically a deeply patriarchal one. It is thus natural that Japanese men would seek out feminine women and that they are not interested in so-called ‘boss babes.’

    And since these ‘boss babes’ want to pursue careers instead of settling down and having children, Japan is facing an underpopulation crisis.

    The Japanese government is understandably terrified, and they have resorted to launching dating and matchmaking programs to get their citizens to resume mating and reproducing. However, if they were just able to understand the root cause of the issue, their first and most important step would be to excise feminism from society in order to save it.

    And to make matters worse, Japanese men are now starting to abandon the pursuit for human female companions entirely and replacing them with virtual AI girlfriends. These AI girlfriends are designed in such a way that they are appealing to men: soft-spoken, shy, and physically attractive. Of course, they can’t actually engage in intimacy, or sexual intercourse, or cook and clean for the men. However, female AI robot ‘waifus’ will eventually fix that problem, and these men will then abandon the drive to seek human women altogether.

    Even Japanese women are now getting married to AI-husbands, which again is a consequence of feminism. This is because, after climbing the social ladder, these women no longer find regular men attractive.

    RELATED: From OnlyFans to No Fans: AI Models Beating Women at Their Own Game

    The Beautiful Ones Known as Hikikomori

    There is an entire class of men in Japan that completely match the description of ‘the beautiful ones’ from Universe-25, and they are known as the hikikomori. The following is a somewhat lengthy description from Wikipedia, but it is important in order to understand just how bad this problem is:

    Hikikomori (Japanese: 引きこもり or ひきこもり [çi̥kʲikomoɾʲi], lit. ’pulling inward, being confined’) are reclusive adolescents or adults who withdraw from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement. The term refers to both the sociological phenomenon in general and the individuals belonging to this societal group, who have been described as “modern hermits“. Hikikomori has been an increasing problem in Japan since the 1990s, with estimates suggesting that over a million individuals are affected.

     

    […]

     

    The key characteristics of hikikomori include a marked avoidance of social situations and interaction, a retreat into one’s home (often a single room) for at least six months, and significant functional impairment or distress. While not a formal psychiatric diagnosis in itself, hikikomori can co-occur with various mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, or developmental disorders.

     

    […]

     

    Common behavioral patterns include a reversal of sleep-wake cycles (sleeping during the day and being active at night),[13] excessive time spent on solitary activities like using the internet, playing video games, or watching television,[14] and sometimes neglecting personal hygiene.[15] While some may occasionally leave home for specific purposes, such as visiting a convenience store,[16] their overall social engagement remains extremely limited.

     

    […]

     

    Psychologically, individuals in hikikomori often experience significant distress. This can manifest as feelings of shame, inadequacy, anxiety, depression, and a profound sense of apathy or loss of motivation.[18] Fear of others (anthropophobia) and obsessive-compulsive tendencies can also accompany the withdrawal.[19]

     

    […]

     

    The phenomenon predominantly affects males, with Saitō reporting that 80% of the cases he dealt with were men.[20][22]

    Isn’t this exactly like the beautiful ones from Universe-25? And we need to understand that these men may seem ‘beautiful,’ i.e., calm and composed on the outside, but they are suffering immensely on the inside, and many of them have suicidal tendencies.

    Modern technology has rendered these men purposeless in two ways.

    First, extremely addictive technologies have glued them to their homes and drain all their dopamine, leaving them empty and too demotivated to pursue anything in life. Internally, they understand the deep damage that these addictions are causing them, but they are unable to muster up the willpower to do anything about it.

    Those of you unaffected by this may chalk it up to simple laziness, and that is how much of the boomer generation reacts when hearing about such phenomena, and no disrespect to them, but they simply haven’t been through such drug-level tech-addictions, which is also why they see no issue with dumping their children in front of screens all day long.

    (P.S. For those of you who are parents and are guilty of this, please put a stop to it before you completely ruin your children’s lives.)

    Second, tech-driven societies have transformed the purpose of a man, going from being the patriarchal head of the family to that of a soulless corporate slave, where, even if he does manage to get a job, he will not be able to earn enough to afford taking care of a large family, even despite working overtime on a consistent basis.

    No women are willing to marry him because they earn more than him, and they don’t want to be housewives either. He spends his paycheck to just exist from month to month, spending his days away drowning himself in the technological addictions that have ensnared him. Maybe, just maybe, if he saves up enough, he could get the latest Waifu-Bot 3000 when it’s finally released.

    This is how bad the situation has gotten just up until our current time. What happens when AI has taken over all jobs and has perfected the addictive nature of technologies? In Universe-25, extinction was merely projected based on the results. In our case, we face a very real threat of actually experiencing it.

    There needs to be a wide awakening in the Muslim world to the danger that catalysts like feminism and modern technologies pose to our existence as an ummah. Muslim imams and leaders must focus on these social disruptors which are at the root of our spiritual malaise, and we must ensure that the way our generation was enmeshed and ravaged by feminism and technology is not repeated with the upcoming youth. This is why Muslim parents are at the heart of the solution that the ummah needs to raise strong Muslim men and women who fulfill their God-given societal and gender roles in order to revive a strong Muslim ummah that possesses the spirit of our pious predecessors.

    Or do we want a generation full of Muslim hikikomori men and inept feminist women who will lead us down the same path as Universe-25’s dystopian nightmare?

    Earlier, I mentioned that what Japan was experiencing wasn’t like a plague that wipes out large portions of the population. Well, perhaps it is more like a plague than we might have thought, because that is exactly what this problem seems to be turning out to be – a plague upon Muslims and also humanity in general, one that must be excised before it results in our spiritual death and extinction.

    RELATED: Internet Addiction – The New Age Drug that Is Harming Muslims

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    Crypto Cranium
    Crypto Cranium
    Technology and futurism specialist

    3 COMMENTS

    1. You speak as if this applies to the state we’re in, where some of us can’t afford a meal, let alone a wife/family – his experiments were of spoiled rats who have their needs sated… shockers! If that were the case, ever considered the other end of the table? Poverty doesn’t make for a nice family.

      • A poor underdeveloped society with its social structures intact is better than a first world society where those structures have collapsed.

        • That’s the point (the other end of the table). “Poverty”, we can never have social stability with poverty! – This whole article speaks of the excess of our wellbeing is the cause of our downfall… Good, but so is the lack of it, which are 99.999% of the world population.

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